Reflexión K
v. 15 n. 1 (2023): Enero - Junio
Debilitando la estabilidad nuclear: La política agresiva de la OTAN
Resumo
La carrera armamentista actual es un síntoma alarmante de la deriva belicista que amenaza al mundo. Las élites que controlan el complejo militar-industrial avivan el fuego de las guerras para incrementar sus ganancias, aunque ello suponga acercarnos al abismo nuclear. El conflicto entre potencias como China, Rusia, Reino Unido y EEUU genera desafíos en el control de armas y la no proliferación nuclear, lo que ha llevado al colapso de los tratados e impulsado la confrontación a gran escala. En este escenario, las potencias occidentales mantienen la retórica hegemónica de estas políticas como inevitables o necesarias, sin justificación ética para el gasto militar creciente. Estas tensiones actuales, a su vez, están moldeando el destino civilizatorio de la humanidad: un camino propio, con otro mapa, donde la cooperación multipolar y el respeto mutuo puedan forjar un futuro común.
Referências
ABC News. (2022, October 30). US Air Force to deploy nuclear-capable B-52 bombers to Australia as tensions with China grow -. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-10-31/china-tensions-taiwan-us-military-deploy-bombers-to-australia/101585380
AUKUS. (2023). THE AUKUS NUCLEAR-POWERED SUBMARINE PATHWAY A PARTNERSHIP FOR THE FUTURE.
BRICS. (2023). Declaración conjunta de los Ministros de Asuntos Exteriores / Relaciones Internacionales del BRICS, Ciudad del Cabo, Sudáfrica. https://www.mid.ru/ru/foreign_policy/briks/1873948/?lang=es
Consortium News. (2023). SCOTT RITTER_ On Horseradish & Nuclear War. https://consortiumnews.com/2023/06/21/scott-ritter-on-horse-radishes-nuclear-war/
Dave DeCamp. (2023, June 21). US Nuclear-Capable B-52 Bombers Arrive in Indonesia for First Time - News From Antiwar.com. AntiWar.Com. https://news.antiwar.com/2023/06/21/us-nuclear-capable-b-52-bombers-arrive-in-indonesia-for-first-time/
Deni, J. R. (2022). FINLAND AND SWEDEN IN NATO: Looking Beyond Madrid (Atlantic Council).
DN DEBATT. (2023). ”Natotrupper kan tillfälligt baseras på svensk mark” - DN.SE. Dagens Nyheter. https://www.dn.se/debatt/natotrupper-kan-tillfalligt-baseras-pa-svensk-mark/
FMPRC. (2023). US Hegemony and Its Perils_. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de China. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjbxw/202302/t20230220_11027664.html
Harris, B., & Eckstein, M. (2023). Pentagon seeks authority to transfer nuclear submarines to Australia. https://www.defensenews.com/congress/2023/05/17/pentagon-seeks-authority-to-transfer-nuclear-submarines-to-australia/
IAEA. (1970). INFCIRC/140 - Treat on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons - Spanish.
IEEE. (2019). Del Tratado INF al START. ¿El final de los acuerdos de No-Proliferación Nuclear? https://www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/INFtreaty
IGADI. (2013). China y el mundo chino Palabras chave China EEUU Japón Senkaku Diaoyu. https://www.igadi.gal/es/analise/el-conflicto-china-japon/1/17
IISS. (2022). MISSILE TECHNOLOGY: ACCELERATING CHALLENGES.
Izvestia. (2023, May 3). Entrevista del Secretario del Consejo de Seguridad de Rusia, Nikolái Pátrushev. https://iz.ru/1504870/viktor-filippov/sokhranenie-ukrainy-v-kachestve-gosudarstva-v-plany-ssha-ne-vkhodit
Jake Sullivan. (2023). On NSA Advisor Jake Sullivan’s Address at the ACA’s Annual Meeting on “Reducing Nuclear Dangers in a Time of Peril". https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2023/06/02/remarks-by-national-
John Hemmings. (2023). How Might Japan Join the Five Eyes? https://www.csis.org/analysis/how-might-japan-join-five-eyes
Kremlin. (2021). Agreement on measures to ensure the security of The Russian Federation and member States of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization - Министерство иностранных дел Российской Федерации. https://mid.ru/ru/foreign_policy/rso/nato/1790803/?lang=en#:~:text=The%20Russian%20Federation%20and%20all,as%20of%2027%20May%201997.
Kremlin. (2023, February 21). Presidential Address to Federal Assembly • President of Russia. President Vladimir Putin in His State of the Nation.
Laura Kennedy. (2019). Trump runs dangerous and chaotic approach toward nuclear weapons _ The Hill. The Hill. https://thehill.com/opinion/international/472841-trump-runs-dangerous-and-chaotic-approach-toward-nuclear-weapons/
Ministry of Defense of Japan. (2022). On the Publication of Defense of Japan 2022.
NATO. (2023, April 4). Finland joins NATO as 31st Ally. https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_213448.htm
NIKKEI Asia. (2023). Japan to standardize arms with U.S., Europe for joint maintenance. https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Aerospace-Defense-Industries/Japan-to-standardize-arms-with-U.S.-Europe-for-joint-maintenance
Nikolai Pátrushev. (2023). Security Council Secretary Nikolai Patrushev’s interview with Rossiyskaya Gazeta. https://russiaeu.ru/en/news/security-council-secretary-nikolai-patrushevs-interview-rossiyskaya-gazeta-march-27-2023
NNSA. (2020). NUCLEAR WEAPONS NNSA Should Further Develop Cost, Schedule, and Risk Information for the W87-1 Warhead Program Report to Congressional Requesters United States Government Accountability Office. https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-20-703.pdf
Office of the Secretary of Defense. (2018). Nuclear Posture Review - February 2018.
Overseasbases. (2023). Overseas Base Realignment and Closure Coalition Why New US Military Bases in the Philippines Are a Bad Idea. https://www.overseasbases.net
QUINCY BRIEF NO. 16. (2021). Drawdown: Improving U.S. and Global Security Through Military Base Closures Abroad. https://quincyinst.org/report/drawdown-improving-u-s-and-global-security-through-military-base-closures-abroad/
QUINCY PAPER NO. 12. (2023). More Money, Less Security: Pentagon Spending and Strategy in the Biden Administration. https://quincyinst.org/report/more-money-less-security-pentagon-spending-and-strategy-in-the-biden-administration/
Reuters. (2020, May 22). U.S. discussed conducting its first nuclear test in decades, Washington Post reports. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-nuclear-idUSKBN22Z0A9
Sarah Bidgood. (2020). A Nuclear Test Would Blow Up in Trump’s Face. https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/06/11/nuclear-test-arms-control-trump-united-states-brinkmanship/
Scott Ritter. (2022). The Death of Arms Control. https://www.energyintel.com/00000185-3010-d582-a9ef-7ed7c8b20000
Sergey Lavrov. (2018, February 28). Министерство иностранных дел Российской Федерации. https://www.mid.ru/print/?id=1564914&lang=es
Serra, G., Ortega, P., Melero Alonso, E., Font, T., Miralles Crespo, N., de Fortuny, T., Bohigas, X., Pozo Marín, A., García Raboso, J., Luis Gordillo, J., Ruiz Benedicto, A., & Braun, R. (2022). LA OTAN, CONSTRUYENDO INSEGURIDAD GLOBAL. www.centredelas.org
SIPRI. (2023a). El gasto militar mundial alcanza un nuevo récord con el aumento del gasto europeo. www.sipri.org.
SIPRI. (2023b, June 12). LOS ESTADOS INVIERTEN EN ARSENALES NUCLEARES A MEDIDA QUE LAS RELACIONES GEOPOLÍTICAS SE DETERIORAN-EL SIPRI PUBLICA SU NUEVO ANUARIO.
SPIEF. (2023). Valdimir Putin_Sesión plenaria del Foro Económico Internacional de San Petersburgo_2023 • Президент России. In Kremlin. http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/71445
Sputnik. (2023, May 2). Al crear los mecanismos de la OTAN para sus propios fines, EEUU de hecho ocupó Europa. https://sputniknews.lat/20230502/al-crear-los-mecanismos-de-la-otan-para-sus-propios-fines-eeuu-de-hecho-ocupo-europa-1138939555.html
TASS. (2023a). NATO Military Spending in 2022. https://tass.com/defense/1645289
TASS. (2023b, February 22). Russia’s State Duma unanimously passes law suspending participation in New START - Russian Politics & Diplomacy - TASS. RUSSIAN NEWS AGENCY. https://tass.com/politics/1580295
The White House. (2023). fact-sheet-trilateral-australia-uk-us-partnership-on-nuclear-powered-subma… 1/6 FACT SHEET: Trilateral Australia-UK-US Partnership on Nuclear-Powered Submarines. https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/03/13/
William Burr. (2015). SAC Nuclear Planning for 1959. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nukevault/ebb538-Cold-War-Nuclear-Target-List-Declassified-First-Ever/